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Research Integrity – why robust antibody validation is vital for drug discovery

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by Cancer Research UK | Analysis

1 October 2026

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Integrity

Trusting off-the-shelf antibodies to do what the companies that sell them say they do should be a given – but it isn’t. The problem is not new but, says Rebecca Harris, understanding the scale and what to do about it is…  

This entry is part 18 of 18 in the series Research Integrity
Series Navigation<< Research with integrity – a refresh for the better

The recent flurry of high-profile articles raising concerns about commercial antibodies has really brought the issue of antibody validation to the fore.

Articles across scientific blogs, feeds and journals such as Nature and Science have highlighted issues ranging from image-manipulation to antibody mix-ups due to confusion over protein names.

The assumption was that if you buy an antibody against a particular protein, it will recognise that target. That seems reasonable to say the least – if you buy a bag of sugar from the supermarket for example, you wouldn’t expect it to turn out to be salt.

Concerns around the specificity and selectivity of commercially available antibodies is not new. However, until recently the scale of the problem was largely unknown, and as such, scientists haven’t always dedicated effort to upfront validation of antibodies they are working with. The assumption, quite naturally, was that if you buy an antibody against a particular protein, it will recognise that target. That seems reasonable to say the least – if you buy a bag of sugar from the supermarket for example, you wouldn’t expect it to turn out to be salt.

Scale of the problem

To better inform the scientific community, organisations such as YCharOS and Only Good Antibodies, have done some great work in this area to look at the scale of the problem. Their findings are really quite startling; in a study that independently characterised 614 commercial antibodies, over 50% of them failed in at least one application, and just over 15% failed across all tested applications.

YCharOS and OGA have also worked to understand the knock-on effects. Reviewing 760 publications that used antibodies identified as not working as expected, over 80% showed no validation data. From just these publications alone (640) over 8000 animal samples and over 4000 human tissue samples were consumed, using antibodies with demonstrated poor performance. This is a substantial level of waste – time, money and samples, with very real ethical and sustainability implications.

With growing awareness of the problem, our community of cancer researchers can’t afford to ignore the problem. We must ensure that we don’t perpetuate the problem and become part of the solution by embedding antibody validation practices as standard.

Antibodies used in research

If as a focused cancer research community we can embed antibody validation practices, we can protect the integrity of our research.

To help drive forward practical support, YCharOS and Only Good Antibodies have worked hard to raise awareness around best practices for performing antibody validation, including defining community agreed protocols, and offer training  and tools, which can be accessed by all.

If as a focused cancer research community we can embed antibody validation practices, we can protect the integrity of our research while also positively impacting sustainability and animal welfare goals. Critically it will also enable us to derive maximum benefit for patients from the research funded through CRUK.

Putting validation into practice

As a Bioscience group leader within the Therapeutic Innovation team of Cancer Research Horizons, my focus is on translating outstanding academic science, driving drug discovery programmes that will lead to benefit for patients. Successful validation of those initial scientific hypotheses is often dependent on whether robust, well validated reagents were used. With greater confidence in early discovery science and the knowledge that validated reagents have been used, and are available, we can de-risk translational programmes earlier and faster.

Once drug discovery programmes are initiated, it is critical that we have robust well validated reagents for further evaluation of target modulation and efficacy, in addition to deepening mechanistic studies. Without performing robust antibody validation, we risk slowing the pace of discovery and drug development.

We have therefore worked, using input from many of the resources freely available from Only Good Antibodies, to ensure that clear guidance around antibody validation is in place for our teams within Therapeutic Innovations. We will also introduce a standardised format for recording antibody validation, which is embedded within our electronic notebooks.

I think many scientists still have a perception that performing upfront validation may delay delivery of data and lead to additional costs being incurred. The truth is it is an essential step, that if omitted, will cost not only significant time delays further on, but also additional expenditure and waste.

I would encourage all researchers to think about building in upfront antibody validation into their research proposal timelines and budget, and to make best use of independent sources of antibody validation information such as the OGA antibody database when selecting antibodies.

Becky Harris

Author

Rebecca Harris

Rebecca is a Group Leader (Discovery Biology) in the Therapeutic Innovation team of Cancer Research Horizons

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