CANCER RESEARCH UK scientists have shown that screening for prostate cancer using prostate specific antigen (PSA) would lead to a substantial number of tumours diagnosed at an earlier and more treatable stage. However, there would be likely cases of overdiagnosed prostate cancer according to a study published in the British Journal of Cancer today.
The researchers studied 43,842 healthy men given PSA testing as part of the ProtecT** study to calculate the number of advanced stage prostate cancers picked up as a result of the testing. They also worked out the length of time during which prostate tumours do not produce symptoms but are detectable by a screening test – the mean sojourn time (MST)***. The MST test is a method of calculating ‘overdiagnosis’ and was used to estimate the probability of a diagnosis of prostate cancer which would not have caused symptoms during the patient’s lifetime if screening had not taken place.
Some 1,544 men aged 50-69 were diagnosed with prostate cancer through the PSA testing. Overdiagnosis was estimated at one in 10 in the 50-59 age group and increased to three in 10, (31 per cent) in the 60-69 age group.
However, after adjusting for overdiagnosis, two-yearly PSA testing might still result in a reduction in advanced stage prostate cancer of up to 54 per cent.
Study author, Dr Nora Pashayan, a Cancer Research UK scientist at the University of Cambridge, said: “Our results indicate a benefit of screening to reduce the risk of advanced stage prostate cancer. However, this is limited by overdiagnosis. Any screening strategy should take account of the potential benefits and harms of screening. A valuable target for future research would be to estimate the benefit of screening at different ages.”
Prostate cancer can be slow-growing or aggressive. Men with a non-aggressive form may not develop symptoms for many years and not always need treatment – the side effects of which can be significant. But the difficulty is that on diagnosis, doctors can not always tell which forms of prostate cancer are aggressive and which are slow-growing.
Lead author Professor David Neal, based at Cancer Research UK’s Cambridge Research Institute, said: “Overdiagnosis is a real concern. There is currently no way to tell whether a prostate cancer is aggressive, or passive.
“Until a test has been developed to distinguish between these, we would prefer to avoid treating patients who don’t need treatment – because it can lead to unnecessary side effects like impotence and incontinence. It is important that men in their 50s and 60s feel able to talk to their doctors and request a PSA test if necessary.”
There is no prostate cancer screening programme in the UK but there is ongoing ad-hoc testing. Screening with PSA alone is not yet recommended in the UK because there is not yet firm evidence that screening reduces mortality from the disease.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the UK – more than 34,000 men are diagnosed each year and 60 per cent of cases are diagnosed in men over 70. Around 70 per cent of newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients live longer than five years.
Professor Peter Johnson, Cancer Research UK’s chief clinician, said: “We need to continue to search out markers that will tell us if a prostate cancer is aggressive or not so that we know which ones to treat and which ones are best to monitor.
“While a recent important European study shows that PSA tests can detect very early prostate cancer and may reduce deaths from the disease by up to 20 per cent, even in large trials it has been difficult to prove the real impact of PSA screening. We need to monitor the results with longer follow up.
“We still don’t know how best to approach treatment for early disease, and it’s important we find answers to this as soon as possible through research funded by Cancer Research UK and others.
“The important thing is that any men that think they might be experiencing symptoms such as difficulty urinating should contact their GP as soon as possible to rule out cancer.”
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* Nora Pashayan et al. Mean sojourn time of prostate cancer, over diagnosis and reduction in advanced stage prostate cancer due to screening with PSA. British Journal of Cancer 1 April 2009.
**ProtecT study
Cancer Research UK together with the Department of Health is funding an extension to a trial called ProtecT which aims to compare the outcomes for men who were not screened for prostate cancer with those who had PSA testing.
This trial for men aged 50-69 compares treatment approaches for prostate cancer (ProtecT) by looking at radiotherapy, surgery and active monitoring to find the best treatment for localised prostate cancer. The trial was open for recruitment 2001-2008 but follow up will continue for 10-15 years.
It can be difficult to decide which treatment is best for localised prostate cancer. The options include radiotherapy, surgery or careful monitoring with regular check ups. At the moment no one knows which of these three options is best.
***The MST did not increase with age in the age groups 50-59 and 60-69 which showed an MST of 11.3 and 12.6 years respectively.
More than 85 per cent of prostate cancer cases could be detected by a two-year inter-screening interval. This was predicted to reduce advanced stage prostate cancer in men 65-69 by 37 percent and men aged 50-54 by 63 per cent.With over-diagnosed cases removed the estimated reductions were nine and 54 per cent respectively.
Symptoms of prostate cancer
Symptoms include, having to rush to the toilet to pass urine, passing urine more often and/or at night, difficulty starting the flow of urine, starting and stopping whilst passing urine, a feeling of not having emptied the bladder fully, dribbling of urine, blood in urine or semen and pain in the back, hips or pelvis.
About prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is rare in men under 50. The risk increases if there is a first-degree relative (father or brother) who was diagnosed with prostate cancer at a young age. Prostate cancer is most common in men of African descent, and least common in men of Asian origin.
Treatment will depend on the stage of the cancer and the age and general health of the patient. If the disease is at an early stage, does not cause symptoms or discomfort, and does not require aggressive treatment, doctors may suggest delaying treatment until the cancer shows signs of progressing further. Treatment can involve surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and less often, chemotherapy which is of limited use in treating prostate cancer but is used if the cancer has spread.
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